A hydraulic jack is used to lift heavy loads, such as the ones used by auto mechanics to raise an automobile. The hydraulic jack is such a hydraulic system. Hydraulic systems are analogous to simple levers, but they have the advantage that pressure can be sent through tortuously curved lines to several places at once. For example, if a 100-N force is applied to the left cylinder in (Figure) and the right cylinder has an area five times greater, then the output force is 500 N. To make the force larger, the pressure is applied to a larger area.
Hydraulic systems can increase or decrease the force applied to them. This equation relates the ratios of force to area in any hydraulic system, provided that the pistons are at the same vertical height and that friction in the system is negligible. A good example is the fluid at a depth depends on the depth of the fluid and the pressure of the atmosphere. Moreover, Pascal’s principle implies that the total pressure in a fluid is the sum of the pressures from different sources. Because of this, we often know more about pressure than other physical quantities in fluids. Pascal observed that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container. Pascal’s observations-since proven experimentally-provide the foundation for hydraulics, one of the most important developments in modern mechanical technology. For a fluid in static equilibrium, the net force on any part of the fluid must be zero otherwise the fluid will start to flow. If the fluid is water, we say it is in hydrostatic equilibrium. When a fluid is not flowing, we say that the fluid is in static equilibrium. A static fluid is a fluid that is not in motion. In 1653, the French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal published his Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids, in which he discussed principles of static fluids. Derive relationships between forces in a hydraulic system.Describe applications of Pascal’s principle.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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